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<title>Humfrid</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humfrid</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Humfrid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humfrid (disambiguation)">Humfrid (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Humfrid</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">count of Barcelona</a>, <a href="Count_of_Girona" title="Count of Girona">Girona</a>, <a href="Count_of_Emp%C3%BAries" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Empúries">Empúries</a>, <a href="Count_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, and <a href="Viscount_of_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount of Narbonne">Narbonne</a> from 858 to 864. He also bore the title <a href="Margrave_of_Gothia" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Gothia">margrave of Gothia</a> (<i>Gothiæ marchio</i>), as he held several frontier counties.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was a <a href="Hunfriding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunfriding">Hunfriding</a> by birth, with no connection to <a href="Septimania" title="Septimania">Gothia</a>. He was probably Hunfrid III, the second son of Hunfrid II, <i>dux super Redicam</i> (duke over Rhaetia). He rebelled against <a href="Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>, the <a href="King_of_East_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of East Francia">king of East Francia</a>, and was forced to flee to <a href="Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, the king of <a href="West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>, to whom he was one of the few to remain loyal during the vicissitudes of the 850s. He was appointed count and margrave of several counties in the <i><a href="Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a></i> by Charles, possibly as early as 854 and no later than 858.

</p><p>In 858, Humfrid negotiated a treaty of peace with Abd al-Rahman, the <a href="Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> governor of <a href="Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, and marched into Gaul to the assistance of Charles. He arrived at <a href="Beaune" title="Beaune">Beaune</a> in February and he did homage to the king on 21 March. He then joined Charles in making war on the <a href="Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>. Louis took this as an opportunity to invade the country and Humfrid assisted Charles in fending him off. In September, Humfrid regrouped with his forces at Beaune before joining in the defeat of Louis at <a href="Saint-Quentin%2C_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a> on 15 January 859.

</p><p>During the campaigning of 858, Humfrid had been enfeoffed with the <a href="County_of_Autun" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Autun">County of Autun</a> and <a href="Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Margraviate of Burgundy</a>.

</p><p>In 856, the <a href="Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> captured the castle of <a href="Terrassa" title="Terrassa">Terrassa</a> near <a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. In 861, they besieged Barcelona itself, but Humfrid bought them off and renewed the treaty with the consent of Charles. It was to last for three decades.

</p><p>In 862, Charles named his son <a href="Charles_the_Child" title="Charles the Child">Charles the Child</a> as <a href="King_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aquitaine">king of Aquitaine</a>. This was opposed by the nobles, who, with the exception of Humfrid, did not support the young Charles in his subsequent rebellion. The elder Charles accused Humfrid of disloyalty. On 19 August, Humfrid was deposed. He was not to give up, though. He took <a href="Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and killed <a href="Raymond_I_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond I of Toulouse">Count Raymond I</a> in the fighting. Charles responded by confiscating Humfrid's Burgundian lands. Even the pretender <a href="Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II of Aquitaine</a> led a band of Norsemen in an attack on Toulouse, but was repulsed. Humfrid then fled to <a href="Regnum_Italicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnum Italicum">Italy</a>, and from there to <a href="Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a>, where, in 872, he was a count in <a href="Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. He was alive as late as 876.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name has many variant spellings: <i>Hunfrid</i>, <i>Humsfrid</i>, <i>Humfried</i>, <i>Unifred</i>, <i>Unifredo</i>, or <i>Hunifredo</i>; in modern French, <i>Onfroi</i> or <i>Onfroy</i>; and in modern English, <i>Humphrey</i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source for his famous title is the <i><a href="Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annales Bertiniani</a></i>.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Lewis, Archibald R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/index.htm">The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</a></i>. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.</li>

<li>Calmette, J. "Onfroy, Marquis de Gothie." <i>Etudes Médiévales</i>.</li>

<li>Chaume, M. "Onfroi, Marquis de Gothie, ses origines et ses attaches familiales." <i>Annales du Midi</i>, LII (1940).</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-07-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Humfrid&oldid=1162831827">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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